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• China, officially the People's Republic of China (PR China or PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population.
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BCE2. 21 BCE1 January 1. October 1. 94. 9Area. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.

For millennia, China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, beginning with the semi- legendary Xia dynasty. Since then, China has expanded, fractured, and re- unified numerous times. In 1. 91. 2, the Republic of China (ROC) replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1. People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1. ROC government retreated to Taiwan with its present de facto capital in Taipei.

Both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1. China's economy has been one of the world's fastest- growing. China is also the world's largest exporter and second- largest importer of goods. Security Council in 1. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the BCIM and the G2. Names. The English word .

The shorter form is . Some scholars have suggested that the Jiahu symbols (7th millennium BCE) constituted the earliest Chinese writing system. Many independent states eventually emerged from the weakened Zhou state and continually waged war with each other in the 3. Spring and Autumn period, only occasionally deferring to the Zhou king.

By the time of the Warring States period of the 5th–3rd centuries BCE, there were seven powerful sovereign states in what is now China, each with its own king, ministry and army. Imperial China. The Warring States period ended in 2. BCE after the state of Qin conquered the other six kingdoms and established the first unified Chinese state. Its King Zheng proclaimed himself the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty (Q. He enacted Qin's legalist reforms throughout China, notably the forced standardization of Chinese characters, measurements, road widths (i. His dynasty also conquered the Yue tribes in Guangxi, Guangdong, and Vietnam.

Han involvement in Central Asia and Sogdia helped establish the land route of the Silk Road, replacing the earlier path over the Himalayas to India. Han China gradually became the largest economy of the ancient world. At its end, Wei was swiftly overthrown by the Jin dynasty. The Jin fell to civil war upon the ascension of a developmentally- disabled emperor; the Five Barbarians then invaded and ruled northern China as the Sixteen Kingdoms. The Xianbei unified them as the Northern Wei, whose Emperor Xiaowen reversed his predecessors' apartheid policies and enforced a drastic sinification on his subjects, largely integrating them into Chinese culture.

In the south, the general Liu Yu secured the abdication of the Jin in favor of the Liu Song. The various successors of these states became known as the Northern and Southern dynasties, with the two areas finally reunited by the Sui in 5. The Sui restored the Han to power through China, reformed its agriculture and economy, constructed the Grand Canal, and patronized Buddhism. However, they fell quickly when their conscription for public works and a failed war with Korea provoked widespread unrest. However, it was devastated and weakened by the An Shi Rebellion in the 8th century. The Song Dynasty ended the separatist situation in 9.

Song and Khitan Liao. The Song was the first government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent standing navy which was supported by the developed shipbuilding industry along with the sea trade. The Song dynasty also saw a revival of Confucianism, in response to the growth of Buddhism during the Tang. In 1. 12. 7, Emperor Huizong of Song and the capital Bianjing were captured during the Jin–Song Wars. The remnants of the Song retreated to southern China.

In 1. 27. 1, the Mongol leader Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty; the Yuan conquered the last remnant of the Song dynasty in 1. Before the Mongol invasion, the population of Song China was 1.

Under the Ming Dynasty, China enjoyed another golden age, developing one of the strongest navies in the world and a rich and prosperous economy amid a flourishing of art and culture. It was during this period that Zheng He led voyages throughout the world, reaching as far as Africa. With the budding of capitalism, philosophers such as Wang Yangming further critiqued and expanded Neo- Confucianism with concepts of individualism and equality of four occupations. The last Ming Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu Qing dynasty, then allied with Ming dynasty general Wu Sangui, overthrew Li's short- lived Shun dynasty and subsequently seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. End of dynastic rule.

The Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1. China. Its conquest of the Ming (1. China shrank drastically. China was forced to pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals, and cede Hong Kong to the British. The First Sino- Japanese War (1. Qing China's loss of influence in the Korean Peninsula, as well as the cession of Taiwan to Japan. The initial success of the Self- Strengthening Movement of the 1.

In the 1. 9th century, the great Chinese diaspora began. Losses due to emigration were added to by conflicts and catastrophes such as the Northern Chinese Famine of 1. The ill- fated anti- foreign Boxer Rebellion of 1. Although Cixi sponsored a program of reforms, the Xinhai Revolution of 1. Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China.

Republic of China (1. On 1 January 1. 91. Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat- sen of the Kuomintang (the KMT or Nationalist Party) was proclaimed provisional president. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Beiyang Army, he was forced to abdicate and re- establish the republic. Its Beijing- based government was internationally recognized but virtually powerless; regional warlords controlled most of its territory. This war continued successfully for the Kuomintang, especially after the PLA retreated in the Long March, until Japanese aggression and the 1.

Xi'an Incident forced Chiang to confront Imperial Japan. Japanese forces committed numerous war atrocities against the civilian population; in all, as many as 2. Chinese civilians died.

China emerged victorious but war- ravaged and financially drained. The continued distrust between the Kuomintang and the Communists led to the resumption of civil war. Constitutional rule was established in 1. ROC constitution were never implemented in mainland China.

On 1 October 1. 94. Communist Party Chairman. Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In October 1. 97. PRC replaced the Republic of China in the United Nations, and took its seat as a permanent member of the Security Council. Deng Xiaoping took power in 1.

The Communist Party loosened governmental control over citizens' personal lives, and the communes were gradually disbanded in favor of private land leases. This marked China's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open- market environment. In 1. 98. 9, the violent suppression of student protests in Tiananmen Square brought condemnation and sanctions against the Chinese government from various countries. Under their administration, China's economic performance pulled an estimated 1. However, rapid growth also severely impacted the country's resources and environment. The Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia.

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